US NAVY
President
Roosevelt announces the "destroyers‑for‑bases"
agreement; Commander Destroyers, Atlantic Squadron (Captain Ferdinand L.
Reichmuth) is placed in charge of the transfer operation.
Light
cruiser St. Louis (CL‑49) sails from Norfolk, Virginia; embarked
is the board, headed by Rear Admiral John F. Greenslade, which will evaluate
base sites recently acquired from the British (see 5 September).
US NAVY
Secretary
of State Hull and British Ambassador Lord Lothian exchange notes concluding the
agreement to trade destroyers for bases; the U.S. will provide, by executive
agreement, 50 over‑age (World War I Emergency Program) destroyers in
return for 99‑year leases on bases in the Bahamas, Antigua, St. Lucia,
Trinidad, Jamaica, and British Guiana. The British provide bases at
Newfoundland and Bermuda as outright gifts.
US NAVY
Secretary
of the Navy Knox and Commander Aircraft Scouting Force depart San Francisco,
California, in XPB2Y‑2 for Pearl Harbor.
Light
cruiser St. Louis (CL‑49) arrives at Hamilton, Bermuda with
Greenslade Board embarked (see 8 September).
US NAVY
British passenger liner Athenia sinks
as the result of damage sustained the previous day when torpedoed by German
submarine U 30. After the sinking of Athenia is confirmed through
radio intelligence and news broadcasts, the German Naval War Staff radios all
U-boats at sea that the Führer has ordered that no hostile action be taken
"for the present" against passenger ships, even if they are
travelling in convoy (see 16 September). Publicly, Germany will continue to
deny responsibility for the sinking of Athenia until the post-war
Nuremberg Trials bring the truth to light.
Office of the Chief of Naval Operations
(OpNav) orders Commander Atlantic Squadron to establish, as soon as possible, a
combined air and ship patrol to observe and report, in cipher, the movements of
warships of warring nations, east from Boston along a line to 42°30'N, 65°00'W
then south to 19°N then around the seaward outline of the Windward and Leeward
Islands, to the British island of Trinidad.
European war again comes to the Americas:
British light cruiser HMS Ajax intercepts German freighter Carl
Fritzen200 miles east-southeast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 33°22'S,
48°50'W, and sinks the merchantman with gunfire.
Captain Alan G. Kirk, U.S. Naval Attaché,
and Commander Norman R. Hitchcock, Assistant Naval Attaché and Assistant Naval
Attaché for Air, are flown to Galway, Ireland, where they interview Athenia's
surviving officers and men. The attaché's investigation concludes that Athenia
was torpedoed by a submarine.
President Roosevelt proclaims the
neutrality of the United States in the war between Germany and France, Poland, the
United Kingdom, India, Australia and New Zealand, and orders the Navy to form a
Neutrality Patrol (see below).
Chief of Naval Operations (Admiral Harold
R. Stark) directs Commander Atlantic Squadron (Rear Admiral Alfred W. Johnson)
to maintain an offshore patrol to report "in confidential system" the
movements of all foreign men-of-war approaching or leaving the east coast of
the United States and approaching and entering or leaving the Caribbean. U.S. Navy
ships are to avoid making a report of foreign men-of-war or suspicious craft,
however, on making contact or when in their vicinity to avoid the performance
of unneutral service "or creating the impression that an unneutral service
is being performed" (see 9 October). The patrol is to extend about 300
miles off the eastern coastline of the United States and along the eastern
boundary of the Caribbean (see 6 September). Furthermore, U.S. naval vessels are
to report the presence of foreign warships sighted at sea to the district
commandant concerned.
Destroyers Davis (DD-395) and Benham
(DD-397) (two 327-foot Coast Guard cutters will be assigned later) are
designated as the Grand Banks Patrol. They are to render rescue and other
neutral assistance in emergencies and to observe and report ("in
confidential system") movements of all foreign warships. They are to
patrol across existing steamer lanes to the southward of the Grand Banks and to
approximately 50° Maritime Commission (Hydrographic Office Special Warning No.
9) directs that all U.S. merchant ships en route to or from Europe are not to
steer a zig zag course, are not to black out at night, and are to paint the
U.S. flag on each side of the hull, on hatches fore and aft, and on sun decks
of passenger vessels, and to illuminate the colors flying from the flagstaff at
night. In Hydrographic Office Special Warning No. 12 (promulgated the same
day), U.S. merchant vessels engaged in domestic, "near-by foreign" or
transpacific trade are not required to paint the flag on hull, hatches and
decks, but otherwise are to follow the other instructions contained in Special
Warning No. 9.
U.S. freighter Black Osprey, bound
for Rotterdam, Holland, and Antwerp, Belgium, is stopped by British warship off
Lizard Head and ordered into the port of Weymouth, one of the five
"contraband control bases" (the others are Ramsgate, Kirkwall,
Gibraltar and Haifa) established by the British government (see 13 September
and 31 October). Freighter Lehigh, bound for Hamburg, Germany, is
detained by the British (see 7 September).
Philippine motorship Don Isidro, on
her maiden voyage en route from her builders' yard at Kiel, Germany, to Manila,
P.I., clears the Suez Canal; U.S. government immediately protests British
authorities having removed, at Port Said, two German engineers (on board
"to guarantee construction and demonstrate proper manning" of the new
vessel) from Don Isidro (which is under the American flag) as illegal
and a violation of the neutral rights of the United States (see29 April 1940).
U.S. steamship President Roosevelt off-loads
British Scott-Paine-type motor torpedo boat PT 9 at New York; PT 9will
be the prototype for the motor torpedo boats constructed by the Electric Boat
Company.
Commander Atlantic Squadron (Rear Admiral
Alfred W. Johnson) begins to establish the off-shore Neutrality Patrol.
Seaplane tenders Gannet (AVP-8) and Thrush (AVP-3) sail for San
Juan, Puerto Rico, to establish a seaplane base there.
Rear Admiral Charles E. Courtney relieves
Rear Admiral Henry E. Lackey as Commander Squadron 40-T, on board light cruiser
Trenton (CL-11), the squadron flagship, at Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
Squadron 40-T had been formed in 1936 to protect American lives and property
during the Spanish Civil War; its ships operate directly under the control of
the Chief of Naval Operations.
French authorities remove two seamen of
German nationality from U.S. freighter Exochorda at Marseilles, France.
British Northern Patrol (7th and 12th
Cruiser Squadrons) commences operation between Shetland and Faeroe Islands, and
Iceland. Light cruisers HMS Caledon, HMS Calypso, HMS Diomede,
HMS Dragon, HMS Effingham, HMS Emerald, HMS Cardiff
and HMS Dunedin are the ships that undertake this work. The patrol
stops 108 merchantmen over the next three weeks, ordering 28 into the port of
Kirkwall to have their cargoes inspected.
Cruiser Division 7 (Rear Admiral Andrew C.
Pickens) sails to establish patrol off the eastern seaboard between Newport,
Rhode Island, and Norfolk, Virginia. Heavy cruisers Quincy (CA-39) and Vincennes
(CA-44) depart first, San Francisco (CA-38) (flagship) and Tuscaloosa
(CA-37) follow. The ships, burning running lights, are to observe and
report the movements of foreign men-of-war, and, as required, render prompt
assistance to ships or planes encountered.
British steamer Olivegrove is
stopped, torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U 33 200 miles northwest
of Spain,49°05'N, 15°58'W; upon receiving Olivegrove's distress signal,
U.S. passenger liner Washington, en route to the British Isles to
evacuate American citizens from the European war zone, alters course and
increases speed to reach the scene. Meanwhile, U 33's commanding
officer, Kapitanleutnant Hans-Wilhelm von Dresky, treats the British
survivors courteously, and aids in their rescue by having distress rockets
fired to guide Washington to the two lifeboats containing the 33-man
crew, which she picks up without loss.
U.S. freighter Lehigh, detained by
British authorities since 5 September, is released; freighter Warrior is
detained by the British (see 18 September).
U.S. passenger liner Santa Paula is
hailed by British cruiser (unidentified) 30 miles off Curaçao, N.W.I. and ordered
to stop; after a delay of 20 minutes, Santa Paula is allowed to proceed
(see 8 September 1939). Tanker I.C. White is challenged by cruiser
(nationality unidentified) 15 miles off Baranquilla, Colombia, but is allowed
to proceed without further hindrance.
Incident to the European war, the U.S.
Naval Observatory is closed to all visitors except those specifically authorized
by the Secretary of the Navy.
President Roosevelt proclaims a
"limited national emergency" and orders enlisted strength of all
armed forces increased--naval enlisted men from 110,813 to 145,000; Marine
Corps from 18,325 to 25,000--and authorizes recall to active duty of officers,
men, and nurses on retired lists of Navy and Marine Corps.
Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles and
British Ambassador to the U.S. Lord Lothian have "off-the-record
talk"(at the former's request) concerning the brief detention of U.S.
passenger liner Santa Paula the day before. Lord
Lothian is informed that Santa Paula's captain
had been asked "to give formal assurances whether there were any German
passengers on board, the implication being that if the captain had not given
such assurances, the officers of the cruiser would have boarded [Santa Paula]
to search for German passengers and possibly might have taken some off."
Undersecretary Welles goes on to say that "any act by British cruisers
affecting American ships in waters so close to the United States involving
possible boarding of them and taking off of civilian passengers would create a very
highly unfortunate impression upon American public opinion at this time and was
something undesirable in itself, since if civilian passengers actually had been
taken off, such act would be clearly counter to international law." Lord
Lothian agrees and promises to "take the necessary steps to prevent
occurrences of this kind from happening."
Allies announce a long-range blockade of
Germany.
British authorities seize cargo
(phosphates and cotton) of U.S. freighter Saccarappa; after the items deemed
contraband are unloaded, the ship is released to continue on her voyage.
U.S. freighter Wacosta, bound from
Glasgow, Scotland, to New York, is stopped by German submarine (unidentified).
Wacosta is detained for three hours while the Germans examine her papers
and search her holds, but is permitted to proceed.
U.S. steamship President Harding is
detained by French authorities and various items of her cargo (including 135 tons
of copper and 34 tons of petroleum products) seized as contraband. The ship is
released promptly.
Canada declares war on Germany.
U.S. freighter Hybert is detained
for two hours by a U-boat (unidentified); Hybert is released but the
Germans warn the merchantman not to use her radio for 24 hours.
France
and the United Kingdom declare war on Germany but take little immediate action
that succors their Polish allies. German
forces advancing from East Prussia to the south reach the Vistula River. The Luftwaffe has destroyed the main Polish
air bases in the past 48 hours forcing the remaining Polish aircraft to operate
from dispersal locations without benefit of fixed logistical support. The Luftwaffe rapidly gained air superiority
and used it to decimate Polish lines of communication.
US NAVY
Great
Britain and France declare war on Germany in accordance with their prewar
pledges to Poland. Australia and New Zealand follow. Irish Free State, however,
a British dominion, declares its neutrality.
German submarines
(previously deployed to operating areas in late August) begin attacks upon
British shipping: during these early operations, U 30 (Kapitanleutnant
Fritz-Julius Lemp) torpedoes (without warning) British passenger liner Athenia
south of Rockall Bank, 56°44'N, 14°05'W; 28 American citizens are among the
dead. U.S. freighter City of Flint, Swedish yacht Southern Cross, Norwegian
freighter Knute Nelson, and British destroyers HMS Electra and
HMS Escort rescue survivors. Despite having been given strict orders
that all merchant vessels are to be treated in accordance with naval prize law
(giving a warning before attacking) Lemp's torpedoing Athenia in the
belief that she is an armed merchant cruiser gives the British the erroneous
impression that Germany has commenced unrestricted submarine warfare (see 16
and 22 September and 8 November).
Within a fortnight, U
30 is herself a victim, when she is bombed by Skuas from British carrier
HMS Ark Royal on 14September 1939. With a slightly damaged bow and two
torpedo tubes out of action, U 30 puts in to Reykjavik, Iceland, on 19
September to land a seriously wounded man before she returns to sea.
European war comes to
the Americas: less than three hours after the British declaration of war on
Germany, light cruiser HMS Ajax intercepts German freighter Olinda, outward
bound from Montevideo, Uruguay, off the River Plate,34°58'S, 53°32'W. Not
having a prize crew available to seize the enemy merchantman, Ajax shells
and sinks her (see 4September).
British Home Fleet
deploys aircraft carriers to seek out and destroy German submarines: HMS Ark
Royal off the northwestern approaches to the British Isles, HMS Courageous
and HMS Hermes off the southwestern approaches (see 17 September).
U.S. freighter Saccarappa,
with a cargo of phosphates and cotton, is seized by British authorities
(see 8 September).
US NAVY
PACIFIC—Japanese surrender Yap Island in ceremony on board
destroyer Tillman (DD‑641).
US ARMY AIR FORCE
US ARMY
US MARINE CORPS
US NAVY
PACIFIC—Japanese surrender Aguijan Island Marianas, in
ceremony on board Coast Guard Cutter No.83425.
US ARMY AIR FORCE
ELEVENTH AF—2 B‑24’s fly high altitude photo reconnaissance
of Paramushiru and Shimushu, encountering Soviet fighters.
US ARMY
US MARINE CORPS
